From ethics of archaeology to archaeology of ethics

The archaeology and the practice of archaeology are conceived of, in several fairly common ways, as “the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture” or as being “about obtaining, managing and manipulating data to inform understanding of the past, in order to make decisions in the present”. But we also read of how archaeology can be instrumental in our understanding of climate change or the migration of people and the response of “host countries”, for example in the context of socio-political unrest in the Middle East and the rise of populist nationalism in Europe. Moreover, we read of how it can be instrumental in our dealing with these concerns. “Any issue”, says a most recent analysis, “that is of multi-generational duration is amenable to archaeological analysis”. But isn’t this saying that archaeology is, really, about the ἀρχή of things, again, in the broad, original sense of the term, so not just their origins or governance, but the intersection of both, that which the Latins call their “principles”?
This paper explores the dual relationship between ethics and archaeology, focusing on both the philosophical foundations of ethical principles in antiquity and their application in contemporary archaeological theory and practice. It examines how classical concepts of virtue and practical wisdom inform modern ethical standards that guide the treatment, interpretation, and protection of cultural heritage. By connecting ancient ethical thought with present-day responsibilities, the study highlights the importance of respecting cultural contexts, engaging with descendant communities, and conducting research that balances scientific inquiry with moral accountability. Ultimately, this work emphasizes that ethical archaeology is essential not only for preserving the past but also for fostering sustainable and respectful interactions between researchers, societies, and the cultural legacy they inherit.