Changes in cognitive functions in children with amblyopia

This paper examines amblyopia as a complex neurodevelopmental condition that affects not only visual
acuity but also cognitive functioning in children. Particular emphasis is placed on its impact on attention, working
memory, executive functions, and learning abilities. Visual impairments lead to difficulties in information
processing, reduced learning efficiency, and increased cognitive load during everyday activities. These difficulties
are often associated with limited binocular integration and unstable visual representations within the central nervous
system. In addition, amblyopia may influence emotional stability and social adaption, including reduced self
confidence, anxiety, and social insecurity. It is also noted that long-term treatment, particulary occlusion therapy,
may further influence emotional well-being and learning motivation. The findings highlight that amblyopia should
not be viewed solely as an ophthalmological disorders, but rather as a condition with broader cognitive,
psychological, and educational implications, requiring an integrated medical, psychological, and educational
interventions aimed at supporting the child’s overall cognitive and emotional development. Furthermore, early
diagnosis and continuous stimulation of both visual and cognitive capacities are considered essential for preventing
long-term learning difficulties and psychosocial challenges in children with amblyopia.
Keywords: amblyopia, cognitive development, attention, working memory, learning