Difference between classes of implants and their surface contamination

Title
Difference between classes of implants and their surface contamination
Aim or Purpose
The aim of this study was to differentiate the surface of high-end and low-end implants, i.e. which chemical elements are present on them during cleaning of the implants before putting them into use. All in order for doctors to be able to choose the higher quality dental implant in order to have successful implantation and satisfied patients.
Materials and Methods
For this study, a total of 20 dental implants from two different manufacturers were examined. One group (10 implants) consisted of high-end implants that have been extensively studied in scientific and clinical research and have been available on the market for a long time. The second group (10 implants) included newer implants that are relatively recent to the market, with limited research data available and a lower price point compared to the first group.
The analysis focused on the surface of the dental implants and was conducted using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The Electron Microscopy Laboratory specializes in examining the morphology and chemical composition of various materials under high or low vacuum conditions. Sample analysis can be performed using SE (Secondary Electron) and/or BSE (Backscattered Electron) detectors. With proper sample preparation, resolutions better than 5 nm can be achieved.
For chemical analysis, an EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) detector was used, capable of detecting elements from beryllium (Be) to plutonium (Pu), with a maximum resolution of 125 eV. This method provides both qualitative and quantitative chemical composition data of the sample. In this study, the samples were mounted directly onto a double-sided adhesive carbon tape without any coating. Analyses were performed under high vacuum, using the SE detector for morphological observations and the EDS detector for localized chemical analysis.
Sterile gloves were used during handling to prevent any contamination. The implant testing was carried out over a period of two years in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture at “Goce Delchev” University in Shtip.
Results
Using scanning electron microscopy, a range of chemical elements was detected on the surfaces of implants across all study groups. The first group (low-end implants) showed a high presence of these elements. In contrast, the second group (high-end) of implants exhibited a notably different surface composition, containing only a minimal number of chemical elements. These elements, however, had a beneficial effect on the osseointegration process and played a key role in the success of the implantation.
Conclusions
The chemical elements on the surface of a dental implant play a crucial role in the success of implantation. Titanium is the primary choice for implants due to its biocompatibility and durability, while the addition of elements such as calcium, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, and silver can significantly enhance the process of osseointegration, increase stability, and reduce the risk of infections. However, the conclusion of this study is that each of these elements can have a negative impact if present in inappropriate concentrations or forms. It is essential to carefully control their amounts in biological or technical applications during the implantation process.