The Role of Modifiers in Apologetic Discourse: English vs. Macedonian

This study investigates the use of modifiers in apologies among Macedonian and English university students, with a particular emphasis on the types, frequency, and pragmatic functions of these modifiers. Modifiers, such as intensifiers, downtoners, sweeteners, disarmers etc., play a crucial role in shaping the tone, sincerity, and politeness level of an apology. By analyzing elicited written responses, the research aims to uncover patterns in how speakers from each linguistic and cultural background employ these elements in the act of apologizing. Through a comparative analysis, the study seeks to determine whether there are systematic differences in how apologies are modified, and how these differences reflect deeper cultural and pragmatic norms. The working hypothesis is that cultural and sociolinguistic factors will significantly influence the way apologies are structured, leading to observable divergences between the Macedonian and English-speaking participants. Such differences may reveal variations in politeness strategies, perceptions of social distance, and degrees of formality. The findings are expected to contribute valuable insights to the field of intercultural pragmatics by illustrating how speech acts are adapted across cultural contexts. Ultimately, the study aims to enhance understanding of cross-cultural communication and inform language teaching practices with regard to pragmatic competence in a second language.