The quinone outside inhibitor fungicides, a perspective group of plant protection products

Strobilurins are a class of fungicides derived primarily from natural substances produced by wood-decaying fungi, particularly those in the genus Strobilurus. The discovery of strobilurins dates back to 1970s when researchers identified their unique fungicidal properties. Since then, various synthetic strobilurin analogs called Quinone outside inhibitors have been developed with a wide variety of applications. Due to their broad-spectrum activity and low toxicity to humans and animals, QoIs have become some of the most widely used fungicides worldwide. These fungicides are highly effective against a diverse range of fungal pathogens, including those responsible for diseases like powdery mildew, rusts, leaf spots, and blights. They are commonly used in crops such as cereals, field crops, fruits, nuts, vegetables, turfgrass, and ornamentals. Their systemic properties allow them to be absorbed into plant tissues and transported throughout the plant, providing protection to both treated areas and new growth. This enhances their efficacy in managing diseases. QoIs are compatible with many agricultural chemicals, such as insecticides and herbicides, making them ideal for integration into pest management programs. Their compatibility also allows for tank mixing, reducing the frequency of applications and saving time and resources for farmers. Additionally, some QoIs have been observed to promote plant growth under certain conditions. This review delves into various aspects of QoIs, including their mode of action, chemical and fungicidal properties, resistance, limitations and prospectives.