Types of dioptric glasses in North Macedonia and their application in the correction of refractive anomalies with special emphasis in the municipality of Strumica

The refractive errors that are the subject of this paper, such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism,
anisometropia and presbyopia, represent one of the most common causes of visual impairment in the population at a
global level, with significant implications for the quality of life and productivity. Prescription glasses represent a
fundamental and at the same time the most accessible resource in the correction of refractive errors, enabling clear
vision and a significant improvement in the quality of life of patients. The need for corrective glasses, especially
prescription glasses made of various materials, is constantly growing, driven by the high prevalence of refractive
errors, advances in optical technology, as well as the growing awareness of the importance of protecting and
correcting vision.
This study aims to examine the incidence of refractive errors and the different types of prescription lenses used in
Macedonia, with a special focus on the Municipality of Strumica and the surrounding area, as well as their
application for improving vision and eye health. The analysis is based on optometric data collected from opticians,
optometric offices and hospitals in the Municipality of Strumica and the surrounding area. The survey is for the
period from 01.01.2024 to 30.06.2024 inclusive and aims to examine the prevalence of types of prescription lenses,
along with demographic data such as age, gender and refractive errors. The research further highlights challenges in
accessing specialized optical care in rural areas, where the limited availability of optometrists and opticians makes
timely diagnosis and correction difficult, as well as the cost of prescription lenses. Additionally, socioeconomic
factors play a significant role in the choice of prescription lenses, with people with lower incomes often opting for
more basic lenses, while people with higher incomes more often invest in advanced technologies and materials.
Spherical lenses are most often used to correct myopia and hyperopia, providing uniform dioptric power. Cylindrical
lenses, on the other hand, are used for astigmatism, adapting to the specific curvatures of the cornea. Progressive
lenses have multiple focal points and thus allow us to comfortably correct presbyopia in combination with some
other refractive anomaly. Aspherical lenses offer greater optical clarity and aesthetic superiority in terms of thickness
and weight, while photochromic lenses combine correction and protection by adapting to light conditions. Blue-filter
lenses help prevent digital fatigue and protect against blue light coming from digital devices. Advanced materials,
such as polycarbonate and Trivex, are rarely used due to their cost, although they are premium materials that are
especially useful for active people and children. Individually optimized lenses with digital technology represent a
significant advance in personalized vision correction. The findings highlight the need for a multidisciplinary
approach aimed at early detection, education and prevention, as well as policies that promote equal access to
advanced optical care. Furthermore, the study suggests greater collaboration between ophthalmologists, optometrists
and policymakers to improve the availability and access to quality vision correction solutions across the country.