Brucellosis

Taleski, Vaso (2018) Brucellosis. In: 38th Turkish Microbiology Congress, 4-8 Nov 2018, Antalya, Turkey.

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Abstract

Brucellosis permanently belongs to the group of the most unpredictable re-emerging zoonotic and food borne disease, related to significant changes of global ecological map, identifying new species, hosts and reservoirs.
Disease primarily affects domestic and wild animals than transfer to humans by following ways: respiratory, contact, alimentary or combination.
Several areas traditionally considered to be endemic (e.g., France, Israel, and most of Latin America’s) have achieved control of the disease, while the situation in certain countries of the Near East (e.g., Syria) is rapidly worsening. The disease is still present, in varying trends, both in European countries and in the USA. Disease exists in Republic of Macedonia since 1980, with over 12.000 reported and confirmed human cases. All countries in the region reported brucellosis, with significantly different incidence.
The geographical distribution of brucellosis is constantly changing with new foci, reservoirs and new brucella strains.
The aim of this presentation is to: 1. present the experience of control and prevention of a small country with endemic areas of brucellosis; 2. emphasize the importance of new, recently identified brucella species, hosts and reservoirs.

Brucella melitensis biotype 2 was confirmed as etiological agent in Republic of Macedonia. Recent study based on molecular methods for species typing (AMOS PCR and RT PCR), and genotyping (MLVA-16 and MLVA-8), beside Brucella melitenisis also confirmed Brucella abortus (for the first time in Macedonia). Epidemiological data suggested about 23% of spreading the disease by alimentary way (foodborne disease due to consumption of unpasteurized milk, cheese, and undercooked infected meat), 34% by contact and 43 % by combined way of spreading brucellosis. Respiratory way is not often, happens in laboratories or working with infected animals. About 80% of patients lived in rural and 20% in urban areas. Disease in Mediterranean area has seasonal character with maximum in May-June and minimum in winter. Since 2008, national control strategy was completely changed from „test and slaughter” to vaccination of small ruminants (sheep and goats) with Rev 1 vaccine, applied intraocular. Results are significant decreasing of epizooty in animals and human morbidity (287, 167, 107, 94, 47, 35, 20, 23 and 21 new human cases in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively).

Genus Brucella represented a genetically homogeneous and clonal group of bacteria, but numerous new members were reported in recent years. Species genetically highly related to each other (> 99 %) associated with infections of numerous warm-blooded animals and humans, are classified as: 1. Terresterial mammalian hosts (Classical strains: B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis, B. canis, B. ovis, B. neotomae), 2. Marine mammals (B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis), and 3. „Atypical”, (B. microti, B. inopinata, B. papionis and B. vulpis).
Most recently isolated brucellae strains from cold-blooded, worldwide-distributed exotic frogs (“amphibian” brucellae) were reported. These new brucellae species are capable to cause localized manifestations to generalized infections of frogs. Genetically highly diverse, these new strains, might represent several new brucella species or link between free living soil saprophytes and the pathogenic brucella. Therefore, frogs represents new and ecologically significant natural host and reservoir.
To date, there is no evidence that frog’s isolates represent a zoonotic threat, but precaution to avoid contacts with potentially infected amphibians until the zoonotic potential is better investigate and understood is useful advice.
Identification of new hosts and reservoirs, have significant contribution to understanding of evolution of the genus Brucella from a soil-associated motile bacterium to a host-adapted pathogen, but taxonomy of brucella is still controversial and debating is still going on.

Control of animal brucellosis is imperative for control of human brucellosis but it remain very complicated due large reservoirs.
In addition, of existing, new “amphibian” -brucella species, new hosts and reservoirs increases the concerns for successful control and keeps brucellosis permanently on the list of most important re-emerging diseases.

Item Type:	Conference or Workshop Item (Keynote)
Subjects:	Medical and Health Sciences > Basic medicine Medical and Health Sciences > Clinical medicine Medical and Health Sciences > Other medical sciences
Divisions:	Faculty of Medical Science
Depositing User:	Vaso Taleski
Date Deposited:	15 Oct 2019 10:38
Last Modified:	15 Oct 2019 10:38
URI:	https://eprints.ugd.edu.mk/id/eprint/22672

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